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The efficiency of ferrocene as a catalyst for
significantly more efficient in the absence of
the inhibition of methamphetamine synthesis
water. Further investigation is required in
is remarkable. Ferrocene is in the lowest
order to sort out the details of the chemistry
common oxidation state of this compound.
occurring with these compounds.
Oxidation to the ferrocenium ion occurs at
mild potentials, but this process is not likely
One of the principle problems encountered
to play a role in a reducing environment. To
with the Fe(II) and Fe(III) coordination
the best of our knowledge, reduction of
compounds we have studied has been their
ferrocene has not been reported in the lit-
insolubility in anhydrous ammonia. Com- erature.
pounds that are insoluble in anhydrous am-
monia are expected to be incompatible with
Reduction of ferrocene probably results in a
the ammonia distribution infrastructure.
large structural reorganization, for example,
partial or complete cyclopentadienyl disso-
ciation. Such a process is likely to be criti-
cal to the catalytic function of the compound
by opening up accessible coordination sites
necessary for the stabilization of intermedi-
ates in the proton reduction mechanism.
4 Conclusions
At the present extent of our investigation,
Figure 4. Structures of the organometallic
we have identified two potentially viable
compounds discussed in the text.
additives for anhydrous ammonia, each
capable of inhibiting methamphetamine
synthesis. The first, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro-
3.5 Organometallic Compounds
ethane, cannot be removed by the simple
distillation of the ammonia. Furthermore,
we have estimated and experimentally veri- funded under Navy Contract N00024-98-D-
fied that each molecule of this compound is 8124.
capable of scavenging ca. eight electrons. A
6 References
high electron scavenging capacity is neces-
sary to minimize the amount of additive
[1] Hargreaves, G. Clandestine Drug
necessary to inhibit the reduction reaction.
Labs Chemical Time Bombs FBI Law En-
forcement Bulletin April 2000, 69, 1-6.
Ferrocene is another additive that is poten-
tially useful as a methamphetamine synthe-
[2] Cazenavette, G. J., III DEA Congres-
sis inhibiting ammonia. This compound ap-
sional Testimony before the House Judiciary
pears to be highly efficient at catalytically
Subcommittee on Crime, February 25, 2000.
scavenging solvated electrons. It does not
appear that the additive can be defeated by
[3] Carey, F. A.; Sundberg, R. J.
the addition of excess lithium metal. In
Advanced Organic Chemistry Part B:
order to defeat the catalyst, a cryogenic
Reactions and Synthesis , Third Ed.,
distillation is required. A cryogenic distilla-
Plenum Press, New York, Ch. 5, Sec. 5.
tion of ammonia is difficult, dangerous, and
requires additional equipment and supplies.
[4] Corcoran, J. J. DEA Congressional
The increased level of difficulty is expected
Testimony before the House Judiciary Sub-
to reduce the number of untrained chemists,
committee on Crime, August 8, 2000.
i.e., the majority of the clandestine chemists,
capable of carrying out the synthesis. The
[5] Ely, R. A.; McGrath, D. C. Lith-
additional step will require additional time
ium-Ammonia Reduction of Ephedrine to
to carry out the synthesis. The additional
Methamphetamine: An Unusual Clandestine
equipment necessary to conduct the distilla-
Synthesis J. Forensic Sci. 1990, 35, 720-
tion will decrease the portability and the
723.
ease of concealment of the clandestine
laboratory. Finally, the acquisition of the
[6] Parker, S. Ammonia s New
cryogenic supplies necessary to perform the
Cachet , U.S. News Online, 9/27/99.
distillation will increase the exposure of the
clandestine chemist to surveillance.
[7] Amshel, C. E.; Fealk, M. H.;
Phillips, B. J.; Caruso, D. M. Anhydrous
In summary, the addition of either inhibitor
Ammonia Burns Case Report and Review of
is expected to both decrease the number of
the Literature Burns 2000, 26, 493-497.
clandestine laboratories due to the increased
level of difficulty and increase the probabil-
[8] National Drug Threat Assessment
ity of detection of the laboratory operation.
2001, The Domestic Perspective , National
6 Acknowledgments
Drug Intelligence Center, U. S. Department
of Justice, October 2000.
The authors would like to acknowledge the
support and technical inputs from Dr. Albert
[9] Bennett, D. Stealing Anhydrous
Brandenstein and Mr. James Petrousky of
Ammonia , Delta Farm Press, Vol. 57, No.
ONDCP/CTAC, and from Dr. Haddad
19, May 12,2000.
Dubbleday and Mr. Richard Mellor of
SPAWARSYSCEN. This work is being
[10] Hwu, J. R.; Wein, Y. S.; Leu, Y.-J.,
Calcium Metal in Liquid Ammonia for
Selective Reduction of Organic Com-
pounds , J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 1493-
1499.
[11] Rabideau, P. W.; Marcinow, Z. The
Birch Reduction of Aromatic Compounds ,
Organic Reactions 1992, 42, 1-334.
[12] Sun, G.-R.; He, J.-B.; Pittman, C. U.,
Jr., Destruction of Halogenated Hydro-
carbons with Solvated Electrons in the Pres-
ence of Water , Chemosphere 2000, 41,
907-916.
[13] Chai Kao, C.-P.; Paulaitis, M. E.;
Yokozeki, A. Double azeotropy in binary
mixtures of NH3 and CHF2CF3 Fluid Phase
Equilibria 1997, 127, 191-203.
[14] Koelle, U., Transition Metal
Catalyzed Proton Reduction , New J. Chem.
1992, 16, 157-169.
[15] Baxendale, J. H.; Fielden, E. M.;
Keene, J. P. Proc. Roy. Soc. Ser. A 1965,
286, 320-336.
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Dobre pomysły nie mają przeszłości, mają tylko przyszłość. Robert Mallet
De minimis - o najmniejszych rzeczach.
Dobroć jest ważniejsza niż mądrość, a uznanie tej prawdy to pierwszy krok do mądrości. Theodore Isaac Rubin
Dobro to tylko to, co szlachetne, zło to tylko to, co haniebne.
Dla człowieka nie tylko świat otaczający jest zagadką; jest on nią sam dla siebie. I z obu tajemnic bardziej dręczącą wydaje się ta druga. Antoni Kępiński (1918-1972)
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